What process involves denying or invalidating hurtful or demeaning statements to protect the sender's self-image?

The process that involves denying or invalidating hurtful or demeaning statements to protect the sender's self-image is known as disconfirmation. Disconfirmation occurs when an individual dismisses or negates the negative feedback directed at them, allowing them to preserve their self-esteem and view of themselves. This defense mechanism can manifest through various behaviors, such as avoiding the criticism, rationalizing the hurtful statements, or reframing the narrative to minimize its impact.

In contrast, confirmation refers to recognizing and validating someone's thoughts or feelings, thereby reinforcing a positive self-view. Affirmation involves acknowledging and supporting someone's positive attributes or actions, enhancing their self-esteem. Reinforcement typically involves strengthening a desired behavior through rewards or positive feedback, rather than addressing negative statements aimed at a person's self-image. These processes differ significantly in their psychological function and outcome, highlighting why disconfirmation is specifically aligned with protecting self-image from negative assertions.